![]() ![]() ![]() Among the challenges this has in store for decision-makers are planning for an uncertain future, finding the right balance of priorities and achieving policy coherence. In an analogy to chess, we can expect decarbonisation shapes the chess pieces (substance), the rules of how to move the pieces across the board (institutions) as well as the way the pieces get in motion (transportation). We suggest to structure the ways in which geopolitics of decarbonisation affects trade along three dimensions: the substance of trade the institutions governing it and the transportation making it possible. Based on existing literature, this paper scopes the links of geopolitics and decarbonisation in the area of trade, provides illustrative examples, and reflects upon the implications for EU policy makers. For the European Union (EU) in particular, trade is a central element of its external action and decarbonisation agendas. Trade is a key lens to observe the dynamics associated with geopolitics of decarbonisation. This study is the first attempt to apply the gravity model on the natural rubber exports within the BRI region. The outcome highlighted the benefits of BRI implementation on the natural rubber export. The overall findings strongly indicate that the natural rubber export has increased post BRI announcement. In addition, this study discovered that non-tariff measures (NTM) have a positive and significant impact on the bilateral export of natural rubber. Besides, the market share for Malaysia and Vietnam have increased from 2013 to 2015 with the BRI implementation in 2013. Indonesia and Vietnam notably exhibited increasing trends in the early 2000s. The findings showed that all four major exporters maintained their export competitiveness. The analysis is conducted by using annual data from 2001 till 2018. Next, this study employed the gravity model using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation to analyze the factors affecting bilateral export from the four major natural rubber exporters to 46 countries in the region. This study utilized the revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) to measure export competitiveness. This study examines the export competitiveness of four major natural rubber exporters in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region and investigates the factors affecting bilateral natural rubber export. However, our results revealed the non-persistence of these effects, which are gradually absorbed over time, reflecting a better ability of economies to adapt to the pandemic. Our results showed that the capacity of COVID-19 to harm Benin's bilateral trade is much greater when apprehended by the restrictive measures than by the lethality of the pandemic, suggesting that restrictions on interactions are more harmful to trade than the risks of mortality linked to the spread of the disease. Based on monthly data from January 2020 to March 2021, the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method was used to estimate a gravity model. This article aims to study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Benin's bilateral trade. Meanwhile, the spatial heterogeneity of the spread of COVID-19 and the heterogeneity in countries' resilience capacity support the relevance of country-level studies instead of crosscountries studies. ![]() The economic damages of the pandemic of COVID-19 due to measures adopted to control the spread of the virus continue to affect countries across the world and rise the need for scholars to provide adequate information to policymakers to guide the implementation of adequate responses. ![]()
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